Wiring schema blogs

4 - 6 - 8 - 12 - 24 - 48 hours setting LED or Beep Alert - 9V Battery Supply

Circuit purpose:

A Pills Reminder is a device that operates a flashing LED (and/or a beeper) at a fixed hour interval. A choice of time-intervals as wide as possible is available with this circuit, namely 4, 6, 8, 12, 24 and 48 hours.

Operation Mode:

At first you must choose the hour interval by switching SW1 to the desired value, then apply power by means of SW2.
After the hour delay chosen has elapsed the LED will start flashing at 2Hz, i.e. two times per second. This status will last until pushbutton P1 is pressed: then the LED will turn off, but the circuit will continue its counting and the LED will flash again when the same hour interval as before is reached.

A noteworthy feature of this circuit, usually not found in similar devices, is that the internal counter is not reset when P1 is pressed: this allows a better time-interval precision.Let us explain this feature with an example: suppose you have set the time interval to 24 hours and started the Pills Reminder at 8 oclock. Next day, at 8 oclock the LED will start flashing, but you, for some reason, notice the flashes at 8:10 and press P1 to stop the LED. With most devices of this kind, the counter will be reset, causing the LED to start flashing next day at 8:10 oclock.
This will not happen with this circuit and the LED will start flashing next day always precisely at 8 oclock even if you pressed P1 at 9 or 10 oclock.

Circuit diagram:

Pills Reminder Circuit Diagram

Parts:

R1______________10M  1/4W Resistor
R2,R3,R4_______100K  1/4W Resistors
R5,R7___________10K  1/4W Resistors
R6_______________1K  1/4W Resistor
C1,C2___________22pF  63V Ceramic Capacitors (See Notes)
C3______________22µF  25V Electrolytic Capacitor
C4,C5__________100nF  63V Polyester Capacitors
C6_______________1µF  63V Polyester, Multilayer Ceramic or Electrolytic Capacitor
IC1____________4060  14 stage ripple counter and oscillator CMos IC
IC2____________4040  12 stage ripple counter CMos IC
IC3____________4082  Dual 4 input AND gate CMos IC
IC4____________4075  Triple 3 input OR gate CMos IC
IC5____________4520  Dual binary up-counter CMos IC
IC6____________4001  Quad 2 input NOR Gate CMos IC
D1_____________5 or 10mm red LED
XTAL_________32.768  kHz Sub-miniature Watch crystal
P1_____________SPST  Pushbutton
SW1____________2 poles 6 ways Rotary Switch
SW2____________SPST  Toggle or Slide Switch
B1_______________9V  PP3 Battery
Clip for PP3 Battery

Alternative Clock Parts:

R8_______________1K  1/4W Resistor
R9_____________330K  1/4W Resistor
R10_____________20K  1/2W Cermet or Carbon Trimmer
R11______________1K  1/2W Cermet or Carbon Trimmer
C7_______________1µF  63V Polyester Capacitor
IC7____________7555 or TS555CN CMos Timer IC

Circuit Operation:

The clock of the circuit is made of a stable oscillator built around two inverters embedded into IC1 and a Watch crystal oscillating at 32.768kHz. This frequency is divided by 16384 by the internal flip-flop chain of IC1 and a 2Hz very stable clock frequency is available at pin #3 of this IC.

IC2 counter and IC3A 4 input AND gate are wired in order to divide by 3600 the 2Hz clock, therefore, a pulse every 30 minutes is available at the clock input of IC5.

The division factor of this IC is controlled by IC3B and the position of SW1A and B, selecting from six time-intervals fixed to 4, 6, 8, 12, 24 and 48 hours.

The set-reset flip-flop formed by IC6B and IC6C is set through IC4C each time a low to high transition is present at the pin of IC5 selected by SW1B cursor. IC6A and C4 provide to set the flip-flop also when a high to low transition is present at SW1B cursor.

When the flip-flop is set, IC6D is enabled and the 2Hz frequency available at pin #3 of IC1 is applied to pin #13 of IC6D causing the flashing LED operation. The flip-flop can then be reset by means of P1.

A master reset is automatically done at switch on by means of C6 and R7.

Alternative Clock:

Sometimes, the Watch crystal can be difficult to locate, or could be considered too expensive. For those willing to avoid the use of a Watch crystal and to accept less time accuracy, an alternative clock generator circuit is provided, directly oscillating at 2Hz, thus avoiding the use of divider ICs.

A CMos 7555 Timer IC generates a stable 2Hz square wave, whose frequency must be accurately set by means of two trimmers. R10 must be adjusted first for coarse tuning, then R11 for fine tuning.

Setting precisely the 2Hz frequency of this oscillator is a rather difficult task, and can be done with great patience and the aid of a clock, a chronometer or, best, a digital frequency meter capable of measuring very low frequencies.

In any case, after an accurate setup, this oscillator showed a very stable performance, not affected by battery voltage variations and an accuracy of about ±30 seconds per 24 hours interval.

Notes:

• 
  
  Wanting the utmost time precision and if a digital frequency meter is available, a 5-50pF 50V Ceramic Trimmer Capacitor can be used in place of C2. It must be adjusted in order to read exactly 32.768kHz on the meter display with the input probe connected to pin #9 of IC1.
• 
  
  A Piezo sounder (incorporating a 3KHz oscillator) can be added to provide a visual plus audible alert. It must be wired across pin #11 of IC6D and negative ground, respecting polarities. Remove D1 and R6 if the visual alert is not needed.

Source : www.redcircuits.com

Many modern motherboards are equipped with an infrared data interface compliant with the IrDA standard, but this interface not very often used. However, it is not difficult to build a data transmission module and connect it to the corresponding header. As can readily be seen from the schematic diagram, this doesn’t exactly involve a large array of ICs. This is because transceiver ICs are available for the IrDA standard, so only a few passive components have to be added to obtain an operational circuit. The author has successfully built this circuit many times using the TFDU5102 from Vishay Semiconductors (formerly Telefunken). If this IrDA transceiver is no longer available (it has been officially discontinued), the largely pin- and function-compatible TFDU6102 can be used without any problems.

This IC is faster and meets the latest IrDA specification. The TFDU6102 low-power receiver IC supports IrDA at data rates up to 4 Mbit/s (FIR), HP-SIR, Sharp ASK, and carrier-based remote control modes up to 2 MHz. The IC contains a photo-diode, an infrared emitter and CMOS control logic. The IC also has internal protection against electromagnetic immissions and emissions, so no external screening is necessary. The IC works with a supply voltage of 2.7–5.5 V, so it is suitable for use in desktop PCs, notebooks, palmtops, and PDAs. It is also used in digital still and video cameras, printers, fax machines, copiers, projectors, and many other types of equipment.


The author has designed a printed circuit board for the IrDA module that is only 20 × 20 mm square. Of course, this means that all of the components are SMD types. The TFDU6102 in the ‘babyface’ package is available in upright and flat versions. Here the upright version (suffix ‘TR3’) is used. Thanks to its small size, the assembled circuit board can easily be placed behind a drive bay cover or the like. It is connected to the motherboard by a five-way flat cable. The pin assignments for header X1 must match the mating connector on the motherboard. After you have fitted the module, you may have to edit the BIOS settings to activate the UART for IrDA operation. These settings enable the (Windows) operating system to boot the new device and automatically install it. You may have to briefly insert the Windows CD to modify the settings. There is an abundance of free programs on the Internet that use the IrDA interface.

Resistors:
R1 = 7Ω5 (shape 1210)
R2 = 47 Ω (shape 1206)
R3 = 100 k (shape 1206)
Capacitors:
C1 = 100nF (shape 1206)
C2 = 4µF7 (shape 1210)
Semiconductors:
IC1 = TFDU6102TR3 (Vishay) (Farnell)
Miscellaneous:
X1 = 5-way SIL pinheader

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After I did my homework I found out that there was a solar cell manufacturer just a few hours away from my house who could supply me with the needed cells (otherwise I could buy those online as they’re easy to obtain from other sites). With information I collected from various sources I made a wiring diagram and did I got ordinary glass from a local supplier. Tools I needed came from my local DIY store and I was ready to start. See the needed materials list below witch not only states all the needed materials but also the price I paid for it and the shop I bought them from. The material list is for one panel only and the list of the total system is for 2 panels, one inverter and production meter. Installation material like wire, junction boxes, screws and holding brackets I didn’t had to buy as those I still had in the shed or made my self. I soldered the solar cells according to the wiring diagram in series as this added the voltage of each cell together to achieve the desired (and highest) output. I made a 28 cell panel (4 strings of 7 cells) as this is fitting the best in my garden and would give me 28×0.5V=14V (theoretically). The amperage I didn’t know yet as I bought B quality cells to play around with (this saved me some expenses to mess around with).